IPA-based feature definitions of phonetic segments ================================================== Explanation ----------- The feature system is based on the system described by: Wilbert Heeringa, 2004, Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Distances using Levenshtein distance, PhD thesis, University of Groningen, chapter 3, sections 3.1.4, 3.1.4.1 and 3.1.4.2, pp. 40-45. There are two type features: `vowel' and `consonant'. Type features should NOT be considered when calculating segment distances. Type features are used to obtain linguistically motivated alignments. In an alignment two segments may match with each other if and only if they share at least one of these two type features. Type features also determine which features are considered when two segments are compared to each other. When vowel=1 and consonant=0, segments are compared on the basis of the vowel features (adv, height, round). When vowel=0 and consonant=1, segments are compared on the basis of the consonant features (place, manner, voice). When vowel=1 and consonant=1, ALL features should be considered when two segments are compared to each other. NB: the feature 'long' is neither a vowel feature nor a consonant feature. Therefore this feature should alsways be considered irrespectively the values of the type features! When a feature is not defined for a segment, a `_' (underscore) is put in the table. The '0' is the definition of silence. It can be used for calculating the cost of insertions/deletions of both vowels and consonants. Heeringa 2004 defines silence as vowel=0 and consonant=0. We have defined it as vowel=1 and consonant=1. Furthermore we use the feature 'long' differently. The feature applies to both vowels and consonants. The values are: 0=silence, 1=short, 1.5=half long and 2=long. Table ----- vowel adv height round consonant place manner voice long 0 1 2 4 0.5 1 11 1 0 0 i 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 1 i :\ 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 1.5 i : 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 2 y 1 1 1 1 0 _ _ _ 1 y :\ 1 1 1 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 y : 1 1 1 1 0 _ _ _ 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 _ _ _ 1 1 :\ 1 2 1 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 1 : 1 2 1 0 0 _ _ _ 2 } 1 2 1 1 0 _ _ _ 1 } :\ 1 2 1 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 } : 1 2 1 1 0 _ _ _ 2 M 1 3 1 0 0 _ _ _ 1 M :\ 1 3 1 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 M : 1 3 1 0 0 _ _ _ 2 u 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 u :\ 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 1.5 u : 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 I 1 1 2 0 0 _ _ _ 1 I :\ 1 1 2 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 I : 1 1 2 0 0 _ _ _ 2 Y 1 1 2 1 0 _ _ _ 1 Y :\ 1 1 2 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 Y : 1 1 2 1 0 _ _ _ 2 U 1 3 2 1 0 _ _ _ 1 U :\ 1 3 2 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 U : 1 3 2 1 0 _ _ _ 2 e 1 1 3 0 0 _ _ _ 1 e :\ 1 1 3 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 e : 1 1 3 0 0 _ _ _ 2 2 1 1 3 1 0 _ _ _ 1 2 :\ 1 1 3 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 2 : 1 1 3 1 0 _ _ _ 2 @\ 1 2 3 0 0 _ _ _ 1 @\ :\ 1 2 3 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 @\ : 1 2 3 0 0 _ _ _ 2 8 1 2 3 1 0 _ _ _ 1 8 :\ 1 2 3 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 8 : 1 2 3 1 0 _ _ _ 2 7 1 3 3 0 0 _ _ _ 1 7 :\ 1 3 3 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 7 : 1 3 3 0 0 _ _ _ 2 o 1 3 3 1 0 _ _ _ 1 o :\ 1 3 3 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 o : 1 3 3 1 0 _ _ _ 2 @ 1 2 4 0.5 0 _ _ _ 1 @ :\ 1 2 4 0.5 0 _ _ _ 1.5 @ : 1 2 4 0.5 0 _ _ _ 2 E 1 1 5 0 0 _ _ _ 1 E :\ 1 1 5 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 E : 1 1 5 0 0 _ _ _ 2 9 1 1 5 1 0 _ _ _ 1 9 :\ 1 1 5 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 9 : 1 1 5 1 0 _ _ _ 2 3 1 2 5 0 0 _ _ _ 1 3 :\ 1 2 5 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 3 : 1 2 5 0 0 _ _ _ 2 3\ 1 2 5 1 0 _ _ _ 1 3\ :\ 1 2 5 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 3\ : 1 2 5 1 0 _ _ _ 2 V 1 3 5 0 0 _ _ _ 1 V :\ 1 3 5 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 V : 1 3 5 0 0 _ _ _ 2 O 1 3 5 1 0 _ _ _ 1 O :\ 1 3 5 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 O : 1 3 5 1 0 _ _ _ 2 { 1 1 6 0 0 _ _ _ 1 { :\ 1 1 6 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 { : 1 1 6 0 0 _ _ _ 2 6 1 2 6 0 0 _ _ _ 1 6 :\ 1 2 6 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 6 : 1 2 6 0 0 _ _ _ 2 a 1 1 7 0 0 _ _ _ 1 a :\ 1 1 7 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 a : 1 1 7 0 0 _ _ _ 2 & 1 1 7 1 0 _ _ _ 1 & :\ 1 1 7 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 & : 1 1 7 1 0 _ _ _ 2 A 1 3 7 0 0 _ _ _ 1 A :\ 1 3 7 0 0 _ _ _ 1.5 A : 1 3 7 0 0 _ _ _ 2 Q 1 3 7 1 0 _ _ _ 1 Q :\ 1 3 7 1 0 _ _ _ 1.5 Q : 1 3 7 1 0 _ _ _ 2 p 0 _ _ _ 1 1 1 0 1 p :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 1 0 1.5 p : 0 _ _ _ 1 1 1 0 2 b 0 _ _ _ 1 1 1 1 1 b :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 1 1 1.5 b : 0 _ _ _ 1 1 1 1 2 t 0 _ _ _ 1 4 1 0 1 t :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 1 0 1.5 t : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 1 0 2 d 0 _ _ _ 1 4 1 1 1 d :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 1 1 1.5 d : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 1 1 2 t` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 1 0 1 t` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 1 0 1.5 t` : 0 _ _ _ 1 6 1 0 2 d` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 1 1 1 d` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 1 1 1.5 d` : 0 _ _ _ 1 6 1 1 2 c 0 _ _ _ 1 7 1 0 1 c :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 1 0 1.5 c : 0 _ _ _ 1 7 1 0 2 J\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 1 1 1 J\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 1 1 1.5 J\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 7 1 1 2 k 0 _ _ _ 1 8 1 0 1 k :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 1 0 1.5 k : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 1 0 2 g 0 _ _ _ 1 8 1 1 1 g :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 1 1 1.5 g : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 1 1 2 q 0 _ _ _ 1 9 1 0 1 q :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 1 0 1.5 q : 0 _ _ _ 1 9 1 0 2 G\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 1 1 1 G\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 1 1 1.5 G\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 9 1 1 2 ? 0 _ _ _ 1 11 1 0 1 ? :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 11 1 0 1.5 ? : 0 _ _ _ 1 11 1 0 2 m 0 _ _ _ 1 1 2 1 1 m :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 2 1 1.5 m : 0 _ _ _ 1 1 2 1 2 F 0 _ _ _ 1 2 2 1 1 F :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 2 2 1 1.5 F : 0 _ _ _ 1 2 2 1 2 n 0 _ _ _ 1 4 2 1 1 n :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 2 1 1.5 n : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 2 1 2 n` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 2 1 1 n` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 2 1 1.5 n` : 0 _ _ _ 1 6 2 1 2 J 0 _ _ _ 1 7 2 1 1 J :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 2 1 1.5 J : 0 _ _ _ 1 7 2 1 2 N 0 _ _ _ 1 8 2 1 1 N :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 2 1 1.5 N : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 2 1 2 N\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 2 1 1 N\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 2 1 1.5 N\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 9 2 1 2 B\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 3 1 1 B\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 3 1 1.5 B\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 1 3 1 2 r 0 _ _ _ 1 4 3 1 1 r :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 3 1 1.5 r : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 3 1 2 R\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 3 1 1 R\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 3 1 1.5 R\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 9 3 1 2 4 0 _ _ _ 1 4 4 1 1 4 :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 4 1 1.5 4 : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 4 1 2 r` 0 _ _ _ 1 5 4 1 1 r` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 5 4 1 1.5 r` : 0 _ _ _ 1 5 4 1 2 p\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 5 0 1 p\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 5 0 1.5 p\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 1 5 0 2 B 0 _ _ _ 1 1 5 1 1 B :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 1 5 1 1.5 B : 0 _ _ _ 1 1 5 1 2 f 0 _ _ _ 1 2 5 0 1 f :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 2 5 0 1.5 f : 0 _ _ _ 1 2 5 0 2 v 0 _ _ _ 1 2 5 1 1 v :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 2 5 1 1.5 v : 0 _ _ _ 1 2 5 1 2 T 0 _ _ _ 1 3 5 0 1 T :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 3 5 0 1.5 T : 0 _ _ _ 1 3 5 0 2 D 0 _ _ _ 1 3 5 1 1 D :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 3 5 1 1.5 D : 0 _ _ _ 1 3 5 1 2 s 0 _ _ _ 1 4 5 0 1 s :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 5 0 1.5 s : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 5 0 2 z 0 _ _ _ 1 4 5 1 1 z :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 5 1 1.5 z : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 5 1 2 S 0 _ _ _ 1 5 5 0 1 S :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 5 5 0 1.5 S : 0 _ _ _ 1 5 5 0 2 Z 0 _ _ _ 1 5 5 1 1 Z :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 5 5 1 1.5 Z : 0 _ _ _ 1 5 5 1 2 s` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 5 0 1 s` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 5 0 1.5 s` : 0 _ _ _ 1 6 5 0 2 z` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 5 1 1 z` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 5 1 1.5 z` : 0 _ _ _ 1 6 5 1 2 C 0 _ _ _ 1 7 5 0 1 C :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 5 0 1.5 C : 0 _ _ _ 1 7 5 0 2 j\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 5 1 1 j\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 5 1 1.5 j\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 7 5 1 2 x 0 _ _ _ 1 8 5 0 1 x :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 5 0 1.5 x : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 5 0 2 G 0 _ _ _ 1 8 5 1 1 G :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 5 1 1.5 G : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 5 1 2 X 0 _ _ _ 1 9 5 0 1 X :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 5 0 1.5 X : 0 _ _ _ 1 9 5 0 2 R 0 _ _ _ 1 9 5 1 1 R :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 9 5 1 1.5 R : 0 _ _ _ 1 9 5 1 2 X\ 0 _ _ _ 1 10 5 0 1 X\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 10 5 0 1.5 X\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 10 5 0 2 ?\ 0 _ _ _ 1 10 5 1 1 ?\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 10 5 1 1.5 ?\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 10 5 1 2 h 0 _ _ _ 1 11 5 0 1 h :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 11 5 0 1.5 h : 0 _ _ _ 1 11 5 0 2 h\ 0 _ _ _ 1 11 5 1 1 h\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 11 5 1 1.5 h\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 11 5 1 2 K 0 _ _ _ 1 4 6 0 1 K :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 6 0 1.5 K : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 6 0 2 K\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 6 1 1 K\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 6 1 1.5 K\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 6 1 2 v\ 0 _ _ _ 1 2 7 1 1 v\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 2 7 1 1.5 v\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 2 7 1 2 P 0 _ _ _ 1 2 7 1 1 P :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 2 7 1 1.5 P : 0 _ _ _ 1 2 7 1 2 r\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 7 1 1 r\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 7 1 1.5 r\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 7 1 2 r\` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 7 1 1 r\`:\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 7 1 1.5 r\`: 0 _ _ _ 1 6 7 1 2 j 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 1 j :\ 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 1.5 j : 1 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 2 M\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 7 1 1 M\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 7 1 1.5 M\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 7 1 2 l 0 _ _ _ 1 4 8 1 1 l :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 4 8 1 1.5 l : 0 _ _ _ 1 4 8 1 2 l` 0 _ _ _ 1 6 8 1 1 l` :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 6 8 1 1.5 l` : 0 _ _ _ 1 6 8 1 2 L 0 _ _ _ 1 7 8 1 1 L :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 7 8 1 1.5 L : 0 _ _ _ 1 7 8 1 2 L\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 8 1 1 L\ :\ 0 _ _ _ 1 8 8 1 1.5 L\ : 0 _ _ _ 1 8 8 1 2 w 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 w :\ 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 1.5 w : 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 2